Treasury's War Read online

  Cyprus, 158

  Daedong Credit Bank, 225, 243

  Dam, Kenneth, 51–52

  and SWIFT, 57–58

  Damascus (Syria), 156–157, 183–184, 191, 350, 366, 375

  and cash couriers, 105

  Damascus International Airport, 196

  Davis, Lanny, 283

  Davis, Michele, 74, 270

  Dawa (fundraising), 70

  Delta Asia Group (Holdings) Ltd., 225

  Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). See North Korea

  Democratic Republic of the Congo, 119

  De Nederlandsche Bank, 49

  Department of Defense

  coordination of, 41–42

  Special Operations Command of, 197

  Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 174, 178, 416–418

  creation of, 128–131, 201

  effect on Treasury, 131–136, 202–205, 208–209

  Department of Justice, 129, 133, 208, 300, 343

  Terrorism and Violent Crimes Section of, 18

  DerGarabedian, Paul, 103, 140–141

  and Burma, 155

  and China, 163

  Deutsche Börse Clearing, 311

  Deutsche Bundesbank

  and SWIFT, 49

  Development Fund of Iraq (DFI), 189

  Dibble, Philo, 156

  Doha (Qatar)

  and cash couriers, 105

  Donilon, Tom, 345, 347

  Donnells, Nan, 140

  Dow, 411

  Dresdner Bank, 20

  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 35, 369

  and Hezbollah, 360

  and organized crime, 121

  Special Operations Division of, 368

  Strategic Operations Division (SOD) of, 197

  Dubai (UAE), 90, 212

  and Al Qaeda, 20

  and cash couriers, 104–105

  and Iran, 289, 331, 371

  and Iraq, 174, 181, 186

  Dublin (Ireland), 222–223

  Duelfer Report, 173

  Dujail Massacre (1982), 187

  Duncan, John, 205–206

  DuQu malware, 409

  East Asia Commercial Bank, 243

  Economist, The, 390

  Economy, Elizabeth C., 390

  Edson, Gary, 21, 189

  Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units, 90, 199

  Egypt, 164, 427

  and cash couriers, 105, 106

  and Suez Canal, 5

  1811s (Treasury agents), 129, 203

  80/20 rule, 35–36, 37, 39

  Eisenhower administration, 5

  Elaf Bank, 371

  Elkus, Jr., Richard, 404

  Emanuel, Rahm, 320

  ENI oil, 337

  Equatorial Guinea, 149

  Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 81

  Ernst and Young, 339

  Espionage Act, 276

  Eurasia Group, 162

  European Central Bank, 49

  European Commission, 281

  European Council of Ministers, 281

  European Court of Human Rights, 195

  European Court of Justice, 81

  European-Iranian Trade Bank AG, 332

  European Parliament, 280–281

  European Union, 81

  and Iran, 288, 298, 308–309, 331, 337–339, 348

  and SWIFT, 279–281, 284

  and Syria, 354

  Europol, 282

  Executive Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes (EOTF/FC), 98, 165

  creation of, 143

  expansion of, 202, 207

  Executive Order 12170, 24

  Executive Order 13224, 26–28, 35, 303

  Export Administration Act, 306–307

  Export Development Bank, 304

  ExxonMobil, 393, 403

  Facebook, 430

  Fahd, King, 67, 74, 87

  Fannie Mae, 383

  Far Eastern Bank, 264

  fatwas (religious rulings), 109

  Federación Latinoamericano de Bancos (FELEBAN), 166

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 35, 46, 203

  on bitcoins, 395–396

  coordination of 41–42, 129, 208, 369

  and North Korea, 229, 235

  and Saudi Arabia, 84–85

  See also Terrorist Financing Operations Section.

  Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), 18, 128, 131

  Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 25, 232, 319, 405

  and Buddy Bank system, 167

  and Iraq reconstruction, 170, 185, 189

  and North Korea, 263–264

  and SWIFT, 49

  Federal Reserve System, 148

  and SWIFT, 49

  Federation of American Scientists, 351

  Feingold, Russ, 273

  Ferguson, Niall, 401

  Filip, Mark, 379

  FININT, 46

  Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 90, 139–140, 211, 250

  and anti-money-laundering, 153, 159–163

  and cash couriers, 103

  and China, 163–164

  global reach of, 164

  and hawalas, 95

  and Iran, 310–311, 333

  and kleptocracy, 199

  and Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 164, 167

  and Private Sector Development (PSD), 167

  and Russia, 160–163

  and Special Recommendation VI, 95

  and SWIFT, 52, 59

  on terrorist financing, 31

  and WMD, 215

  Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), 47, 133, 148, 157, 214

  expansion of, 202, 204, 206

  financial intelligence

  definition of, 46–47

  effectiveness of, 63–65, 89

  history of, 61–62

  and nuclear proliferation, 62

  uses of, 48–49

  financial intelligence units (FIUs), 47

  financial power and warfare

  and extraterritorially, 302

  and First Amendment concerns, 111, 113–114

  history of, 3

  management of, 101–102, 150–151, 351–352, 426–429

  as national security strategy, 9–12, 29, 45–46, 63, 383–386, 429–432

  and US dollar, 25–26

  See also USA Patriot Act

  Financial Review Group (FRG)

  and 9/11 investigations, 34

  See also Terrorist Financing Operations Section

  Financial Times, 334

  First East Export Bank, 303

  First Merchant Bank, 158

  Fitzgerald, Patrick, 18

  Flame virus, 408–409

  Fonds Strategique d’Investissement (FSI), 391

  Forbes Global 2000, 391

  Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 272

  Foreman, Marcy, 35

  Fowler, Jennifer, 260

  Fox, Bill, 26

  and SWIFT, 56–57

  France, 5, 164, 190, 391, 398

  and Iran, 298, 324

  and Iraq, 393–394

  Frankfurt

  and cash couriers, 105

  and Iran, 289, 309, 333

  Franklin, Ben, 223

  Fratto, Tony, 207

  and SWIFT, 269–274

  Freddie Mac, 383

  full-time equivalents “FTEs,” 141

  Future Bank, 304, 306

  G7 meetings, 31, 32, 384

  G8 summits

  in 2007, 264

  in 2009, 400

  G20 Meeting of Finance Ministers, 384

  and Iran, 300

  in 2002, 15

  Gardner, Janice, 206–207

  Garland, Sean, 222

  Gates, Robert, 320, 349

  “Gauss” virus, 407–410

  Gavito, Jen Sublett, 189–190

  Gazprom, 387, 403

  Geithner, Timothy, 167, 342

  and Iran, 319–321, 323, 333

  and Libya, 345

  and North Korea, 232,
264

  General Electric (GE), 339

  Geneva, 187

  Georgetown University, 244

  Georgia, 377, 387

  Germany, 5, 113

  and Iran, 288, 296 298, 301, 324, 332

  and North Korea, 234

  Ghana, 407

  Gibbons, Tom, 259–260

  Glaser, Danny, 31, 139, 157, 167, 245, 348

  and Iran 310–311, 333

  and Middle East and North Africa, 164

  and North Korea, 249–251, 253–254, 257–262, 299

  and Russia, 160–161

  Glencore, 337

  Global Positioning System (GPS), 405

  Golden Chain list, 80, 82

  Golden Star Bank, 233, 241, 267

  Goldman Sachs, 255, 295, 300

  Google, 406, 418, 430

  Goss, Porter, 58

  Gotti, John, 376

  government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), 383

  Great Britain, 5, 164, 391

  and Iran, 298, 303, 304, 324, 332

  and Iraq, 393–394

  Great Recession of 2008, 9, 383–384, 399

  Greece

  Ancient, 3–4, 5

  and DEPA, 387

  Green, Mike, 224, 228, 241, 253

  Greenberg, Ted, 160, 162

  Greenspan, Alan, 57, 58

  Group of Ten (G10) countries, 49

  Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), 64

  Guatemala City (Guatamala), 166

  Gucci, 374

  Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC), 364

  Gurulé, Jimmy, 142

  and CIA, 40

  and Department of Homeland Security, 127, 131–134

  on money laundering, 18–19

  on terrorist financing, 31, 34–35

  Hadley, Steve, 379

  and Iran, 295–296, 299

  and North Korea, 231, 246

  and SWIFT, 271

  Hagin, Joe, 129

  Hajj, 67

  and Islamic charities, 71

  Halliburton, 339

  Hamas, 107

  and cash couriers, 105

  fundraising of, 70, 71, 81

  and Iran, 2, 303, 304, 410

  Saudi Arabia’s support of, 87

  Hambali. See Isamuddin, Riduan

  Hamilton, Alexander, 45, 130

  Hamilton, Lee, 273, 321

  Hample, Eric, 134

  Hannover Re, 335

  Hariri, Rafik, 190–193

  Hariri, Saad, 193

  Harris, Steve, 204

  Hassan, Sheikh Dawood. See Ibrahim, Dawood

  Hatch, Orrin, 18

  hawala network, 1, 8, 15, 365

  and Abu Dhabi Declaration, 96

  in Afghanistan, 94, 97–99

  extent of, 93–95

  and FATF Special Recommendation VI, 95

  and hawaladars, 21, 32, 36, 46, 99–100

  in India, 96, 97

  in Pakistan, 94

  regulation of, 96–97, 101

  in Somalia, 37, 94

  in Syria, 157

  Hayden, Michael, 244, 276–277

  Hayworth, J. D., 276

  Headley, David, 430

  Hezbollah, 108

  and drug trade, 358–359

  fundraising of, 70

  and Iran, 2, 289–291, 303, 304

  and Lebanon, 190, 193–194, 409

  money laundering of, 359–360

  sanctions against, 7

  in South America, 117–119, 358

  and Syria, 354

  and used cars, 358–359

  in West Africa, 357–359

  Hill, Chris

  and North Korea, 236–237, 274, 252, 254, 256, 259–263, 266

  Hinnen, Todd, 111, 113

  Ho, Stanley, 225–226

  Hochberg Fred P., 392

  Hong Kong (China), 31, 400

  and cash couriers, 103, 105

  and Iran, 333, 334, 339

  and North Korea, 220, 221, 226, 241

  Hong Kong Electronics, 375

  House Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 275, 278

  House Homeland Security Committee, 276

  HSBC bank, 185

  and Iran, 349, 370, 371

  Hub Culture, 396

  See also Ven digital currency

  human intelligence (HUMINT), 48

  Hungary, 380

  Huntsman, 339

  Hussein, Qusay, 169, 173–174, 186

  Hussein, Uday, 173–174, 186

  Hussein, Saddam (and regime of), 6, 158, 355, 393

  assets of 175–200

  and emptying of Central Bank of Iraq, 169–170, 176

  and Oil for Food Program (OFF), 6, 158, 172–173, 181, 199

  sanctions against, 171, 344

  and WMD, 212

  Ibrahim, Dawood (aka Sheikh Dawood Hassan), 115–117, 365

  Ibrahim, Hikmat, 169

  Iguazu Falls, 117

  India, 116, 356, 400

  and controls on illicit financing, 15, 165

  and hawalas, 95, 97

  and Iran, 339, 341, 348

  and organized crime, 115

  Indonesia, 63, 72, 400

  and attack on Bali, 64

  InfoBank, 158

  ING, 302

  Ingersoll Rand, 339

  Inpex, 337

  Interagency Policy Committees. See National Security Council policy coordination committees (PCC’s) of

  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 108

  Criminal Investigative Division (IRS-CID) of, 18, 128, 132, 133, 176–177, 202, 208

  in Iraq, 176–177, 186–187

  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 252

  and Iran, 306, 307, 311, 350–351

  International Economic Emergency Powers Act (IEEPA), 107, 170

  International Energy Agency, 337

  International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO), 69

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 35, 47, 137, 400, 406

  International Reciprocal Trade Association, 397

  International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism and Proliferation, 215

  Interpol, 31, 121, 233

  Orange Notice of, 234

  Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI), 116

  Iran, 86, 200, 241, 264, 283, 346, 370–371, 375, 389

  Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO), 307

  Al Qaeda in, 366

  and Bad Bank Initiative, 290

  and cyber-warfare, 407–410

  Defense Industries Organization (DIO) of, 306–307

  and designation of, 290–316

  elections in, 327

  Green Movement in, 327–328

  and Hezbollah, 290–291, 358, 395

  hostage crisis in, 287

  and Iraq, 194, 325, 395

  Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of, 293–294

  and Lebanon, 190, 289–290, 409

  and Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics, 307

  and North Korea, 290, 327, 375

  nuclear program of, 62, 211, 212, 214, 215, 287, 297, 301, 304, 324–325, 328, 338, 341, 349–352

  oil in, 288–289, 336–337, 403

  and Persian Spring, 328

  and Quds Force, 370

  sanctions against, 12, 24, 148, 287–288, 297, 322, 324–343, 349

  and Section 311, 167, 290–291, 332–333, 335

  Shia militias in, 292, 395

  and Straits of Hormuz, 289

  and SWIFT, 283–284, 338–339, 350

  and Syria, 354, 355

  and terrorist financing, 2, 83

  and US Congress, 335–336

  See also Bush, George W., Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, Obama, Barack, United Nations

  Iran and Syria Nonproliferation Act (ISNA), 306

  Iran Transaction Regulations (ITR), 303

  Iranian Assembly of Experts, 314

  Iranian Financial Sanctions Regulations, 337

  Iraq, 112, 299, 355, 371, 38
8, 393

  Al Qaeda in, 113–114

  asset recovery of, 169–187, 344

  Baathist resistance in, 170, 183, 195

  economy of, 174, 393–394

  and Iran, 325, 371

  oil in, 393–394, 407

  and Oil for Food Program (OFF), 6, 158, 172–173, 183

  and organized crime, 119

  sanctions against, 6, 171

  Shia militias in, 194

  Sunnis in, 194

  war in, 169, 213

  See also Development Fund of Iraq, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483

  Iraq Threat Finance Cell, 196–197

  Iraqi Intelligence Service, 173, 187, 194–195

  Irbis, 120

  Ireland, 222, 400

  Ireland, Leslie, 207

  Irish Republican Army (IRA)

  and North Korea, 222

  Isamuddin, Riduan “Hambali,” 63–64

  Islamabad, 431

  Islamabad High Court, 213

  Islamic Call Society, 106

  Islamic Center of San Diego

  and Al Qaeda, 20

  Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL), 304–305, 334

  Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 293–294, 300–301, 304, 307, 331–332, 351, 354

  Qods Force of, 294, 304, 354, 410

  Islamists in Chechnya, 365

  Israel, 5, 36

  and cyber-warfare, 407–409

  and Hezbollah, 290, 358

  and Iran, 304, 338, 351

  and Lebanon, 190

  and Syria, 224

  Istanbul (Turkey)

  and cash couriers, 105

  and Iran, 341, 350

  Italy, 127, 133

  Italy-Greece-Turkey Interconnector (IGTI), 387

  ITEX barter network, 396–397

  Izz ad-Din al-Qasam Cyber Fighters, 410

  Jakarta, 64

  Japan, 221, 391, 404–405

  and China, 387, 389

  and Iran, 336, 338

  and North Korea, 252

  sanctions against, 5

  and US debt, 403

  Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 391

  Jardini, Nancy, 176–177

  Jeddah (Saudi Arabia), 67, 71, 73

  Jeffrey, James, 298–299

  Jemaah Islamiyah (JI, Islamic Congregation), 63–64, 367

  Johnson, Linda, 141

  Jordan, 164

  and Iraq, 171–172, 181–183, 187–188

  Jordan, Robert, 73

  Joumaa, Ayman, 359–360

  JP Morgan Chase, 150, 410

  JSC CredexBank, 158

  Jumale, Ahmed, 37–38, 363

  Kabul (Afghanistan), 15–17, 370

  and Afghan Threat Finance Cell, 196–197

  and hawalas, 98–99

  and Hindu Kush Mountains, 16

  Kaesong Industrial Complex, 373

  Kaiser, Larry, 181–182, 184–185

  Kandahar Exchange, 100

  Kaplan, Robert, 394

  Karachi (Pakistan)

  and cash couriers, 104

  and Ibrahim, Dawood, 116–117

  Kashmir (India), 79, 115

  Kaspersky Lab, 407–408