Treasury's War Read online

  ———. “Prepared Remarks to Florida Bankers Association,” February 9, 2005.

  ———. “Prepared Remarks to Islamic Society of North America’s Sixth Annual Education Event,” March 25, 2005.

  ———. “Securing the Financial System Against Rogue Capital.” Keynote Address for Investment Company Institute, November 10, 2003.

  ———. Testimony Before the House Armed Services Committee, “Al-Qa’ida in 2010: How Should the US Respond?” January 27, 2010.

  ———. Testimony Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, February 16, 2005.

  ———. Testimony Before the House Financial Services Subcommittees on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Trade and Technology, and Oversight and Investigations, September 30, 2004.

  ———. Testimony Before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade, “Financial Hardball: Corralling Terrorists and Proliferators,” April 6, 2011.

  ———. Testimony Before the House International Relations Financial Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, March 24, 2004.

  ———. Testimony Before the Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, March 4, 2004.

  ———. Testimony Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, March 18, 2003.

  ———. Testimony Before the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, November 15, 2004.

  INDEX

  Abacha, Sani, 355

  Abbottabad (Pakistan), 362, 397

  Abdullah, Crown Prince (later King), 67

  attempted assassination of, 107

  on terrorist financing, 73–75, 78

  ABN Amro, 302

  Abqaiq (Saudi Arabia), 398

  Abrams, Elliott, 156, 291

  Abu Dhabi Declaration on Hawala, 95–96

  Adams, Tim, 16, 134–135, 138

  Aden (Yemen), 18

  Afghan Threat Finance Cell, 196

  Afghanistan, 370, 388, 389

  Al Qaeda in, 17, 70, 113

  bin Laden in, 42

  Finance Ministry of, 97, 100

  and hawalas, 94, 97–101

  mineral wealth of, 394

  and mujahideen financing, 68, 70, 84–85

  Soviet Union in, 17, 68, 84, 120

  Taliban in, 16–17, 79, 116, 197

  and terrorist financing, 15, 81, 116, 304

  African Union, 363

  Agency for International Development (AID), 100, 430

  Ahmad, Najmuddin Faraj. See Krekar, Mullah

  Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 327, 338, 341–342

  Alabama, 204

  al-‘Ajmi, ‘Ali Hasan ‘Ali, 82–83

  Alamoudi, Abdurahman Muhammad, 208

  and Al Qaeda, 108

  and assassination plot, 107

  as cash courier, 105–108

  political views of, 107–108

  Albania, 81, 299

  al-Aqil, Sheikh Aqeel Abdulaziz, 72, 76

  al-Assad, Bashar (and regime of), 86, 156–157, 354, 366

  assets of, 352–354

  and Iran, 350

  and Lebanon, 191, 193–194

  opposition to, 355

  Al Barakaat Foundation, 81

  Al Barakaat network, 37–39, 362

  al-Dulaimi, Khalaf, 194–195

  Alexander, Keith, 405, 407

  al-Fadl, Jamal, 80

  Algeria, 164

  Algiers Accords, 24, 287

  al-Hamzi, Nawaf, 20, 85

  Al Haramain Foundation, 72–73, 75–76, 77

  al-Hassan, Wissam, 194

  al-Hawsawi, Mustafa Ahmad, 20

  Al Jazeera, 425

  al-Jubeir, Adel, 74, 370

  al-Kassar, Manzar (aka “Prince of Marbella”), 368, 378

  al-Khawar, Abdallah Ghanim Mafuz Muslim, 82

  al-Kuwari, Salim Hasan Khalifa Rashid, 82

  Allianz, 335

  Al Manar cable station, 358

  al-Mihdhar, Khalid, 20, 85

  al-Otari, Muhammad Naji, 157

  Alperovitch, Dmitri, 406

  al-Qadi, Yasin, 81

  Al Qaeda, 116, 197, 207, 288, 348, 430–431

  attacks on Saudi Arabia, 76

  budget of, 2, 362

  and cash couriers, 102, 104, 108

  funding of, 19–20, 36, 37–38, 42–43, 51, 69–70, 78–80, 86, 90–91, 110–111, 127, 199

  and Golden Chain list, 80, 82

  and hawalas, 94–95

  in Iran, 364

  in Iraq, 113–114, 194–196, 362, 365

  and Jemaah Islamiyah, 63

  and kidnapping, 363

  and money transfers, 62–63, 71–72

  and Muslim Brotherhood, 427

  and 9/11, 8, 19–20, 362

  in Pakistan, 364–365, 366

  pensions of, 1

  sanctions against, 7, 12

  and SWIFT, 59

  as target of OFAC, 26

  and UN, 33

  Al Qaeda and Associated Movements (AQAM), 362, 364–365, 367

  Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), 78

  and Operation Hemorrhage, 397–398

  Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 362–363, 365

  al-Qaradawi, Sheikh Yusuf, 427

  Al Quds Intifada, 86–87

  al-Rahman, Atiyah Abd, 82, 366

  al-Rajhi, Suleiman, 80

  al-Rifai, Ghassan, 157

  al-Saud, Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz, 74, 77, 87

  Al Shabaab, 363–365, 431

  al-Suweidi, Sultan, 95, 96

  Al Taqwa network, 40

  al-Tikriti, Barzan, 187

  Al Wasel & Babel, 186

  al-Yazid, Mustafa (aka Sheikh Said), 42–43

  al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus’ab, 113, 114

  al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 42, 43, 79

  on Islamic charities, 71

  and terrorist financing, 82

  Amazon, 430

  American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 338

  American Muslim Council (AMC), 105

  American Muslim Foundation (AMF), 105–106

  Amman (Jordan), 182–183, 189

  Amsterdam (Netherlands), 311

  Angola, 119, 149

  Annan, Kofi, 192

  Ansar al-Islam (AI), 112

  Ansar al-Sunnah (AS). See Ansar al-Islam

  Arab Bank PLC, 148

  Arab League, 87

  summit meetings of, 107

  and Syria, 354, 355

  Arabian Gulf, 36, 65

  Aramco, 410

  Argentina, 117, 400

  Arian Bank, 306

  Arizona (US), 276

  Armenia, 303

  Armitage, Richard, 228, 250

  Arms Export Control Act, 306

  Asaluyeh (Iran), 334

  Ashcroft, John, 31

  Asher, David, 228–231, 236, 237, 245

  Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 64

  Asia Wealth Bank, 155

  Asian Clearing Union (ACU), 339

  Assange, Julian, 430

  Atlantic, The, 394, 409

  AT&T, 367

  Aufhauser, David, 26, 135, 143

  and financial intelligence, 46

  and policy coordination committees, 39

  on Saudi Arabia, 83

  and SWIFT, 51–54, 56–58

  and white paper on restructuring Treasury, 201–202, 205

  Aum Shinrikyo, 23

  Australia, 233

  Austria, 233, 241

  Aviatrans Anstalt, 188

  Azadegan development project (Iran), 337

  Aziz Ali, Ali Abdul, 20

  Aziz, Tariq, 181

  Baasiri, Muhammad, 164

  Bad Bank Initiative, 146, 148, 211

  and Iran, 290

  and money-laundering concerns, 153, 159

  and North Korea, 225, 226, 230

  and reputational risk, 147, 150–153

  Baghdad (Iraq), 169–170, 350

  Baghdad Internat
ional Airport, 180

  Bahamas, 40

  Bahrain, 90, 183

  and FATF, 164

  and Iran, 304, 307

  Balkans, 79, 177, 236, 387

  Banca d’Italia

  and SWIFT, 49

  Banco Delta Asia (BDA), 333, 360

  and Bad Bank Initiative, 226–227

  and North Korea, 225–226, 230–232, 235, 237, 239–240, 242–246, 249, 251–258, 261–262, 264–265, 267, 291, 299, 323

  See also North Korea and counterfeiting, North Korea and Section 311

  Banco Internacional de Desarollo, CA, 304

  Bandar Abbas (Iran), 334

  Bandar Khomeini (Iran), 334

  Bandar, Prince, 74,

  and relationship with US, 84–86

  Bangkok (Thailand), 122

  Bank Kargoshee, 304

  Bank Markazi, 290, 313, 315, 371

  and Section 311, 332–333, 335

  Bank of America, 406, 410

  and Al Qaeda, 20

  Bank of Canada, 49

  Bank of China (Macau), 226, 240, 242

  Bank of Credit and Commerce (BCCI), 61, 129, 145–146

  Bank of England, 49, 171

  Bank of Japan, 49

  Bank of Russia, 161, 162

  Bank Melli, 289–290, 304, 307

  Bank Melli Iran ZAO, 304

  Bank Mellat, 289–290, 303, 307

  Bank Saderat, 289–290, 291, 303, 307

  and Bad Bank Initiative, 290

  and Executive Order 13224, 303

  and Hezbollah, 358

  Bank Secrecy Act (1970), 18, 30

  Bank Sepah, 289–290, 303, 332

  Bank Sepah International PLC, 303

  Bankers Trust, 313

  Banque de France, 49

  Barakat, Assad Ahmad, 117–119, 358

  Barakat Import Export Ltd., 117–118

  Bartlett, Dan, 270

  Barzashka, Ivanka, 351

  Basham, Ralph, 134

  Basque terrorists, 23

  Baxter, Tom, 167, 232, 264

  Beijing (China), 249

  and North Korea, 220, 226, 227, 254, 258, 260, 262–263, 266, 323

  Beirut (Lebanon), 90, 409

  Hezbollah in, 119, 190, 289–290, 361

  and Iran, 289–290, 333, 360

  and Iraq, 174, 181, 182, 189–192

  Belarus, 158, 162, 375, 398, 400

  Belgium 120

  Benevolence International Foundation (BIF), 79

  Benghazi (Libya), 344

  Bernanke, Ben, 404

  Biden, Joe, 111

  bin Abdulaziz, Prince Salman, 87

  bin Laden, Osama, 23, 116, 397

  and Bosnia, 79

  death of, 90

  finances of, 36, 37, 42–43, 110, 362, 363

  and Saudi Arabia, 86

  and South America, 118

  in Sudan, 60

  bin Mahfouz, Khalid, 80

  bin Nayef (MbN), Prince Muhammad

  attempted assassination of, 78

  and counterterrorism, 77–78

  bitcoin (BTC), 395–396

  Black, Cofer, 40–41

  and bin Laden, 60, 62

  Black Market Peso Exchange, 359

  Blackstone, 390

  Blair, Tony, 111

  Bodman, Sam, 143, 234

  Boko Haram, 363, 365

  Bollywood, 115

  Bolten, Josh, 271

  Bombay Stock Exchange, 115

  Bond, James, 249

  Bonner, Rob, 34–35, 134

  bonyads (charitable foundations), 293

  Bosnia, 72, 76, 87

  and Al Qaeda financing, 79

  Bout, Viktor (aka “Merchant of Death”), 119–123, 368, 378

  and Air Bas, 120

  and Air Cess, 120

  Brandbergen Mosque, 113

  Braun, Michael “Mike,” 122, 197, 368

  Brazil, 117, 118, 400

  Brennan, John, 380–381

  Bretton Woods, 399

  Bridgeman, Mike, 184

  British Petroleum (BP), 337, 403

  Brothers’ Circle, 376, 381

  Bruelhart, René, 188

  Bruguière, Jean-Louis, 278, 279

  Brussels (Belgium)

  as SWIFT headquarters, 54, 56, 270, 274, 279, 284

  Buckles, Brad, 134

  Budapest (Hungary), 380

  Buddy Bank Initiative, 165–167, 426

  Bulgaria, 113

  Bunning Jim, 276

  Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), 18, 26

  and Department of Homeland Security, 128, 130–132

  Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 223

  Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 228

  Burma (Myanmar), 158, 172, 241, 322, 389

  money laundering in, 155

  Burns, R. Nicholas, 296–299

  Burns, William, 264

  Bush, George W. (and administration of), 216

  and Alamoudi, 107

  and Department of Homeland Security, 128–131

  and Executive Order 13315, 170, 186

  and Executive Order 13382, 214–215, 305, 306, 307, 354

  and Iran, 295–296, 305, 313, 316, 330

  on kleptocracy, 198–197

  National Money Laundering Strategy of, 19

  and National Strategy to Internationalize Efforts Against Kleptocracy, 198

  on 9/11, 19

  and North Korea, 224, 228, 232, 249, 253, 262, 264, 266

  and organized crime, 376–380

  and Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), 211

  and Russia, 160

  and SWIFT, 275, 277, 281, 285

  and Syrian Accountability Act, 156–157

  and terrorist financing executive order (EO 13224), 147

  Cairo, 427

  Cairo University, 105

  Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (Deposits and Consignments Fund), 391

  Calame, Byron, 278

  California (US), 235

  Cameron, Art, 204–206

  Camorra, 381

  Canada, 380

  Capone, Al, 34, 118, 176, 376

  Caracas (Venezuela), 375

  Card, Andrew, 131

  Carter, Jimmy (and administration of)

  and Iran sanctions, 24, 287

  Casa Apollo, 117–118

  cash couriers, 15, 36, 93, 102–105, 365

  Caterpillar, 339

  Cedel International, 311

  Center for a New American Security, 394

  Centrafrican Airlines, 120

  Central Bank of Iran. See Bank Markazi

  Central Bank of Iraq, 172, 173, 362

  and asset recovery, 175–176, 178, 180, 185

  looting of, 169–170, 176, 179

  and record keeping, 179

  Central Bank of Jordan, 182

  Central Bank of Lebanon, 361

  Central Command (CENTCOM), 195

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 34

  and Alec Station, 62

  and capture of Hambali, 64

  coordination of, 40–42, 83–84

  Counterterrorist Center (CTC) of, 40

  and Khan, AQ, 212

  CET Aviation, 120

  Cha, Victor, 244, 245, 253, 255

  Chang (Mr.), 263

  charities (Islamic)

  effects of financial warfare on, 68–71

  See also Al Barakaat Foundation, Al Haramain Foundation, Benevolence International Foundation, Muwafaq Foundation, Revival of the Islamic Heritage Society

  Chase Manhattan bank, 50

  Chávez, Hugo, 310, 373

  Chechnya, 79, 87

  Chemical Bank, 313

  Cheney, Dick, 63, 111

  and SWIFT, 58, 271

  Chertoff, Michael, 35

  Chevron, 403

  Chicago (US), 79

  “Chimerica,” 401

  China, 159, 162, 165, 356, 395,

  and anti-money-laundering, 163

  and cyber-crime, 39
5, 406–407

  Development Bank of, 392

  Export-Import Bank of, 392

  financial power of, 386–387, 389–390, 392–393, 400, 404, 420

  and Iran, 297, 309, 311, 348, 371

  and Iraq, 392–394

  and Japan, 387

  and North Korea, 220–221, 226–227, 232, 241–242, 254, 258–259, 265, 267, 323, 372–373

  and SWIFT, 284

  and Syria, 355

  and US debt, 403, 419

  and US financial crisis (2008), 383, 384

  China Tonghua Iron and Steel Group, 374

  Citibank and Citigroup, 150, 406

  and Iran, 311–312, 410

  and Saudi Arabia, 86, 87–89

  and SWIFT, 50

  Ciudad Juárez, 1

  civil liberties

  and SWIFT, 59, 273, 275, 283

  Civil War (US), 4

  Clapper, James, 351

  Clearstream Banking, 311–312

  Clinton, Bill (and administration of)

  and Alamoudi, 107

  and “la lista,” 7, 25

  sanctions against Al Qaeda, 7

  sanctions against Cuba, 5

  sanctions against Hezbollah, 7

  sanctions against Serbia, 6

  Clinton, Hillary, 264, 342, 388

  and Iran, 331, 333, 349

  Cohen, David, 333, 348, 360–361

  on organized crime, 377

  Colombia, 369, 430

  and organized crime, 120, 122

  sanctions against, 7

  Columbia University

  and Graduate School of International Public Affairs, 165

  Commercial Bank of Syria (CBS), 155–157, 183, 185, 353, 354

  Commerzbank, 302

  Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD Commission), 214

  Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), 393, 405

  Community Exchange System (CES), 397

  Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA), 336–337

  Section 103 of, 337

  Company D, 115–117

  Congressional Research Service, 339

  Conlon, Pat, 177–178, 180–181

  “Control, The,” 23–24

  Council of the European Union, 281

  Council on Foreign Relations, 390

  Craig, Daniel, 249

  Credit Suisse

  and Iran, 302, 332

  Cuba

  blockade of, 5

  sanctions against, 24, 148, 322

  currency wars, 399–402

  and “Currency War III,” 401

  Customs Service, 18

  and Department of Homeland Security, 128, 130–132

  and terrorist investigations, 34–35

  See also Operation Green Quest

  “Cutting Sword of Justice,” 410

  cyber-crime and cyber-warfare, 385, 407–412, 428

  and bitcoins, 395

  and China, 395, 406–407

  and Iraq, 170

  and Secret Service, 131–132

  US preparedness against, 405–406

  See also Flame, Gauss, Shamoon, and Stuxnet viruses, Google